Non-Gravitational Acceleration of the Active Asteroids

TL;DR

This study investigates non-gravitational accelerations in 18 active asteroids, identifying significant effects in three, and explores physical mechanisms and mass-loss rates, contributing to understanding asteroid activity and orbital dynamics.

Contribution

It provides the first astrometric evidence of non-gravitational accelerations in active asteroids and introduces a revised sublimation-based momentum-transfer law.

Findings

Significant non-gravitational acceleration detected in 3 active asteroids.

The strongest detection is for 324P/La Sagra with >7σ significance.

The revised momentum-transfer law has minimal impact on orbital calculations.

Abstract

Comets can exhibit non-gravitational accelerations caused by recoil forces due to anisotropic mass loss. So might active asteroids. We present an astrometric investigation of 18 active asteroids in search of non-gravitational acceleration. Statistically significant (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) $> 3$) detections are obtained in three objects: 313P/Gibbs, 324P/La Sagra and (3200) Phaethon. The strongest and most convincing detection ($>$7$\sigma$ in each of three orthogonal components of the acceleration), is for the $\sim$1 km diameter nucleus of 324P/La Sagra. A 4.5$\sigma$ detection of the transverse component of the acceleration of 313P/Gibbs (also $\sim$1 km in diameter) is likely genuine too, as evidenced by the stability of the solution to the rejection or inclusion of specific astrometric datasets. We also find a 3.4$\sigma$ radial-component detection for $\sim$5 km diameter (3200) Phaethon, but this detection is more sensitive to the inclusion of specific datasets, suggesting that it is likely spurious in origin. The other 15 active asteroids in our sample all show non-gravitational accelerations consistent with zero. We explore different physical mechanisms which may give rise to the observed non-gravitational effects, and estimate mass-loss rates from the non-gravitational accelerations. We present a revised momentum-transfer law based on a physically realistic sublimation model for future work on non-gravitational forces, but note that it has little effect on the derived orbital elements.