Resolved images of a protostellar outflow launched by an extended disk wind

TL;DR

This study provides direct observational evidence that a protostellar outflow is launched by an extended disk wind from a Keplerian disk, clarifying the outflow launching mechanism in young stellar objects.

Contribution

First direct imaging of a protostellar outflow launching region showing it originates from an extended disk wind, not from a close-in X-wind or stellar wind.

Findings

Gas ejected from a region up to 25 AU from the protostar

Outflow is launched by an extended disk wind from a Keplerian disk

X-wind and stellar wind models are ruled out on observed scales

Abstract

Young stars are associated with prominent outflows of molecular gas. The ejection of gas via these outflows is believed to remove angular momentum from the protostellar system, thus permitting young stars to grow by accretion of material from the protostellar disk. The underlying mechanism for outflow ejection is not yet understood, but is believed to be closely linked to the protostellar disk. Assorted scenarios have been proposed to explain protostellar outflows; the main difference between these models is the region where acceleration of material takes place: close to the protostar itself ('X-wind', or stellar wind), in a larger region throughout the protostellar disk (disk wind), or at the interface between. Because of the limits of observational studies, outflow launching regions have so far only been probed by indirect extrapolation. Here we report observations of carbon monoxide toward the outflow associated with the TMC1A protostellar system. These data show that gas is ejected from a region extending up to a radial distance of 25 astronomical units from the central protostar, and that angular momentum is removed from an extended region of the disk. This demonstrates that the outflowing gas is launched by an extended disk wind from a Keplerian disk. Hence, we rule out X-wind and stellar wind launching scenarios as the source of the emission on the scales we observe.