Modeling coherent errors in quantum error correction

TL;DR

This paper investigates the accuracy of using Pauli channels to model coherent errors in quantum error correction, finding that the approximation holds under certain conditions related to code distance and concatenation levels.

Contribution

It analytically evaluates the impact of coherent errors on logical error rates in the repetition code and identifies conditions where Pauli approximation remains valid.

Findings

Coherent errors lead to non-Pauli logical errors.

Pauli approximation is valid after two or more concatenation levels.

The validity depends on error cycle count and code parameters.

Abstract

Analysis of quantum error correcting codes is typically done using a stochastic, Pauli channel error model for describing the noise on physical qubits. However, it was recently found that coherent errors (systematic rotations) on physical data qubits result in both physical and logical error rates that differ significantly from those predicted by a Pauli model. Here we examine the accuracy of the Pauli approximation for coherent errors on data qubits under the repetition code. We analytically evaluate the logical error as a function of concatenation level and code distance. We find that coherent errors result in logical errors that are partially coherent and therefore non-Pauli. However, the coherent part of the error is negligible after two or more concatenation levels or at fewer than $\epsilon^{-(d-1)}$ error correction cycles, where $\epsilon \ll 1$ is the rotation angle error per cycle for a single physical qubit and $d$ is the code distance. These results lend support to the validity of modeling coherent errors using a Pauli channel under some minimum requirements for code distance and/or concatenation.