Quartz tuning fork as a probe of surface waves

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a highly sensitive method using quartz tuning forks to detect surface oscillations in superfluid helium, enabling low-dissipation measurements of crystallization waves at millikelvin temperatures.

Contribution

The authors developed a double-resonance read-out technique with ultra-low dissipation for detecting surface waves in helium, extending measurements to sub-mK temperatures.

Findings

Detected surface oscillations with 1 Angstrom accuracy in 10 seconds.

Enabled investigation of crystallization waves in 4He down to 10 mK.

Proposed application to search for crystallization waves in 3He at sub-mK temperatures.

Abstract

Quartz tuning forks are high-quality mechanical oscillators widely used in low temperature physics as viscometers, thermometers and pressure sensors. We demonstrate that a fork placed in liquid helium near the surface of solid helium is very sensitive to the oscillations of the solid-liquid interface. We developed a double-resonance read-out technique which allowed us to detect oscillations of the surface with an accuracy of 1 Angs in 10 sec. Using this technique we have investigated crystallization waves in 4He down to 10 mK. In contrast to previous studies of crystallization waves, our measurement scheme has very low dissipation, on the order of 20 pW, which allows us to carry out experiments even at sub-mK temperatures. We propose to use this scheme in the search for crystallization waves in 3He, which exist only at temperatures well below 0.5 mK.