The temporal evolution of exposed water ice-rich areas on the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: spectral analysis

TL;DR

This study analyzes the spectral properties and temporal evolution of water ice patches on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko using VIRTIS data, revealing seasonal and diurnal patterns and uniform subsurface distribution.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed spectral and radiative transfer analysis of water ice patches on 67P, linking their evolution to seasonal cycles and subsurface distribution.

Findings

Water ice patches increase in spectral features as the comet approaches the Sun.

Water ice grain sizes are bimodal, around 50 μm and 2000 μm.

Ice patches disappear before perihelion, indicating seasonal cycles.

Abstract

Water ice-rich patches have been detected on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the VIRTIS hyperspectral imager on-board the Rosetta spacecraft, since the orbital insertion in late August 2014. Among those, three icy patches have been selected, and VIRTIS data are used to analyse their properties and their temporal evolution while the comet was moving towards the Sun. We performed an extensive analysis of the spectral parameters, and we applied the Hapke radiative transfer model to retrieve the abundance and grain size of water ice, as well as the mixing modalities of water ice and dark terrains on the three selected water ice rich areas. Study of the spatial distribution of the spectral parameters within the ice-rich patches has revealed that water ice follows different patterns associated to a bimodal distribution of the grains: ~50 {\mu}m sized and ~2000 {\mu}m sized. In all three cases, after the first detections at about 3.5 AU heliocentric distance, the spatial extension and intensity of the water ice spectral features increased, it reached a maximum after 60-100 days at about 3.0 AU, and was followed by an approximately equally timed decrease and disappearanceat about ~2.2 AU, before perihelion. The behaviour of the analysed patches can be assimilated to a seasonal cycle. In addition we found evidence of short-term variability associated to a diurnal water cycle. The similar lifecycle of the three icy regions indicates that water ice is uniformly distributed in the subsurface layers, and no large water ice reservoirs are present.