Majorana fermions in topological insulator nanowires: from single superconducting nanowires to Josephson junctions

TL;DR

This paper investigates Majorana fermion states in topological insulator nanowires with induced superconductivity, analyzing their phase diagram, energy spectra, and how to experimentally determine their topological properties through transport measurements.

Contribution

It provides a detailed phase diagram and methods to experimentally identify the topological winding numbers in TI nanowires hosting Majorana fermions.

Findings

Nanowires can have winding numbers W=0, ±1, ±2 indicating different Majorana pair states.

Transport measurements can determine the topological winding numbers.

SQUID setup can identify the sign of the winding numbers.

Abstract

Signatures of Majorana fermion bound states in one-dimensional topological insulator (TI) nanowires with proximity effect induced superconductivity are studied. The phase diagram and energy spectra are calculated for single TI nanowires and it is shown that the nanowires can be in the topological invariant phases of winding numbers $W=0, \pm 1$, and $\pm 2$ corresponding to the cases with zero, one and two pairs of Majorana fermions in the single TI nanowires. It is also shown that the topological winding numbers, i.e., the numbers of pairs of Majorana fermions in the TI nanowires can be extracted from the transport measurements of a Josephson junction device made from two TI nanowires, while the sign in the winding numbers can be extracted using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) setup.