"Orphan" $\gamma$-ray Flares and Stationary Sheaths of Blazar Jets

TL;DR

This paper extends the Ring of Fire model to multiple blazars, demonstrating its ability to explain orphan gamma-ray flares and providing evidence for jet sheaths through stacked radio maps.

Contribution

The study applies the Ring of Fire model to a larger sample of blazars and uses stacking techniques to detect jet sheaths, supporting the model's plausibility.

Findings

Model successfully reproduces orphan gamma-ray flares in multiple blazars.

Stacked radio maps reveal jet sheaths in the studied blazars.

The Ring of Fire model is a viable explanation for orphan gamma-ray flares.

Abstract

Blazars exhibit flares across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Many $\gamma$-ray flares are highly correlated with flares detected at longer wavelengths; however, a small subset appears to occur in isolation, with little or no correlated variability at longer wavelengths. These "orphan" $\gamma$-ray flares challenge current models of blazar variability, most of which are unable to reproduce this type of behavior. Macdonald et al. have developed the Ring of Fire model to explain the origin of orphan $\gamma$-ray flares from within blazar jets. In this model, electrons contained within a blob of plasma moving relativistically along the spine of the jet inverse-Compton scatter synchrotron photons emanating off of a ring of shocked sheath plasma that enshrouds the jet spine. As the blob propagates through the ring, the scattering of the ring photons by the blob electrons creates an orphan $\gamma$-ray flare. This model was successfully applied to modeling a prominent orphan $\gamma$-ray flare observed in the blazar PKS 1510$-$089. To further support the plausibility of this model, Macdonald et al. presented a stacked radio map of PKS 1510$-$089 containing the polarimetric signature of a sheath of plasma surrounding the spine of the jet. In this paper, we extend our modeling and stacking techniques to a larger sample of blazars: 3C 273, 4C 71$.$01, 3C 279, 1055$+$018, CTA 102, and 3C 345, the majority of which have exhibited orphan $\gamma$-ray flares. We find that the model can successfully reproduce these flares, while our stacked maps reveal the existence of jet sheaths within these blazars.