Dissipative self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensates with arbitrary nonlinearity as a model of dark matter halos

TL;DR

This paper develops a comprehensive formalism for dissipative, self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensates with arbitrary nonlinearities, modeling dark matter halos with a combination of quantum and thermodynamic effects, including dissipation and generalized entropy.

Contribution

It introduces a generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation with dissipation and arbitrary nonlinearity, deriving hydrodynamic equations and applying them to dark matter halo models with novel equations of state.

Findings

Derivation of a damped quantum Euler and Smoluchowski equations with an H-theorem.

Application to dark matter halos with a logarithmic and cubic nonlinearity, modeling core-halo structures.

Abstract

We develop a general formalism applying to Newtonian self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensates. This formalism may find application in the context of dark matter halos. We introduce a generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation including a source of dissipation (damping) and an arbitrary nonlinearity. Using the Madelung transformation, we derive the hydrodynamic representation of this generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation and obtain a damped quantum Euler equation involving a friction force proportional and opposite to the velocity and a pressure force associated with an equation of state determined by the nonlinearity present in the generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation. In the strong friction limit, we obtain a quantum Smoluchowski equation. These equations satisfy an $H$-theorem for a free energy functional constructed with a generalized entropy. We specifically consider the Boltzmann and Tsallis entropies associated with isothermal and polytropic equations of state. We also consider the entropy associated with the logotropic equation of state. We derive the virial theorem corresponding to the generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation, damped quantum Euler equation, and quantum Smoluchowski equation. Using a Gaussian ansatz, we obtain a simple equation governing the dynamical evolution of the size of the condensate. We highlight a specific model of dark matter halos corresponding to a generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation with a logarithmic nonlinearity and a cubic nonlinearity. It leads to dark matter halos with an equation of state $P=\rho k_B T_{\rm eff}/m+2\pi a_s\hbar^2\rho^{2}/m^3$ presenting a condensed core (BEC/soliton) and an isothermal halo with an effective temperature $T_{\rm eff}$. We propose that this model provides an effective coarse-grained parametrization of dark matter halos experiencing gravitational cooling.