Quantum vacuum effects on the final fate of a collapsing ball of dust

TL;DR

Quantum vacuum effects in a collapsing dust ball can halt collapse, preventing singularity formation and resulting in a stable, non-singular black hole remnant with Planck-scale density, influenced by quantum field coupling.

Contribution

This paper demonstrates that quantum vacuum effects can prevent singularity formation in gravitational collapse, leading to stable, non-singular black hole remnants with specific size and density.

Findings

Quantum vacuum effects can halt collapse inside black holes.

Stable non-singular black hole remnants are possible.

Final density approaches Planck density.

Abstract

We consider the quantum vacuum effects of the massless scalar fields that are non-minimally coupled to the background geometry of a collapsing homogeneous ball of dust. It is shown that for a definite range of coupling constants, there are repulsive quantum vacuum effects, capable of stopping the collapse process inside the black hole and precluding the formation of singularity. The final fate of the collapse will be a black hole with no singularity, inside which the matter stays balanced. The density of the final static matter will be close to the Planck density. We show that the largest possible radius of the stable static ball inside a black hole with Schwarzschild mass $M$ is given by ${{\left( \frac{1}{90\pi }\frac{M}{{{m}_{p}}} \right)}^{\frac{1}{3}}}{{\ell }_{p}}$. If the black hole undergoes Hawking radiation, the final state will be an extremal quantum-corrected black hole, with zero temperature, with a remnant of matter inside. We show that the resolution of singularity is not disrupted under Hawking radiation.