Emergence of string-valence bond solid state in the frustrated $J_1-J_2$ transverse field Ising model on the square lattice

TL;DR

This study uncovers a string-valence bond solid state in the frustrated $J_1-J_2$ transverse field Ising model on a square lattice, highlighting the role of anharmonic quantum fluctuations in lifting degeneracy and inducing a novel quantum phase.

Contribution

It demonstrates that anharmonic fluctuations via a cluster-operator approach induce a string-VBS phase, unlike harmonic fluctuations, providing new insights into quantum degeneracy lifting.

Findings

String-VBS phase emerges from anharmonic fluctuations.

Phase transition occurs at $ ext{}\Gamma/J_1 ext{=}0.50$ with specific critical exponents.

Numerical tensor network confirms the theoretical predictions.

Abstract

We investigate the ground state nature of the transverse field Ising model on the $J_1-J_2$ square lattice at the highly frustrated point $J_2/J_1=0.5$. At zero field, the model has an exponentially large degenerate classical ground state, which can be affected by quantum fluctuations for non-zero field toward a unique quantum ground state. We consider two types of quantum fluctuations, harmonic ones by using linear spin wave theory (LSWT) with single-spin flip excitations above a long range magnetically ordered background and anharmonic fluctuations, by employing a cluster-operator approach (COA) with multi-spin cluster type fluctuations above a non-magnetic cluster ordered background. Our findings reveal that the harmonic fluctuations of LSWT fail to lift the extensive degeneracy as well as signaling a violation of the Hellmann-Feynman theorem. However, the string-type anharmonic fluctuations of COA are able to lift the degeneracy toward a string-valence bond solid (VBS) state, which is obtained from an effective theory consistent with the Hellmann-Feynman theorem as well. Our results are further confirmed by implementing numerical tree tensor network simulation. The emergent non-magnetic string-VBS phase is gapped and breaks lattice rotational symmetry with only two-fold degeneracy, which bears a continuous quantum phase transition at $\Gamma/J_1 \cong 0.50$ to the quantum paramagnet phase of high fields. The critical behavior is characterized by $\nu \cong 1.0$ and $\gamma \cong 0.33$ exponents.