Convection onset induced by a density stratification whose unstable part is infinitely thin

TL;DR

This paper investigates the conditions under which convection begins in a stratified fluid system with an infinitely thin density discontinuity, revealing unique flow patterns and stability thresholds.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework for convection onset in a stratified fluid with a density jump, including flux conditions and flow pattern predictions.

Findings

Density discontinuity causes lens-shaped temperature perturbations.

Mixing is confined near the density jump, with stagnant fluid away from it.

The density jump acts as a heat sink, affecting stability thresholds.

Abstract

We consider a vertical cavity composed of two chambers separated by a retractable thermally insulated thin membrane. The upper and lower chambers are filled with an incompressible Boussinesq fluid and maintained at temperatures $T_2$ and $T_1>T_2$, respectively by two separate heaters. Upon retraction of the membrane, the two fluid masses form an unstably stratified configuration with cold and heavy fluid overlying a warmer and lighter fluid and separated by a non-free interface across which there is a jump in the density. The aim of this paper is to determine the threshold conditions for convection onset and associated fluid flow patterns induced by this discontinuous density stratification. We find that the discontinuity of the density profile leads to the appearance of temperature perturbation iso-contours that have a lens shape instead of the classical oval shape and that the mixing is confined to near the location of the density jump with stagnant and isothermal fluid away from the discontinuity. We derive the flux conditions at the discontinuity interface and show that it acts like a heat sink for both the lower and upper fluid layers. Moreover, we put forth the dependence of the stability threshold parameters for convection onset on the locus of the density discontinuity. The experimental set-up suggested in the paper can be used to test the predictions of the present theory.