A theory of passive linear systems with no assumptions
Timothy H. Hughes

TL;DR
This paper establishes comprehensive theorems characterizing passivity in general linear systems, including conditions for passivity and an extension of the positive-real lemma to systems with uncontrollable or unobservable states.
Contribution
It introduces necessary and sufficient conditions for passivity in high-order linear systems and extends the positive-real lemma to broader classes of systems.
Findings
Provides necessary and sufficient passivity conditions for general linear systems
Extends the positive-real lemma to uncontrollable and unobservable systems
Lays theoretical foundation for analyzing passive behavior in complex systems
Abstract
We present two linked theorems on passivity: the passive behavior theorem, parts 1 and 2. Part 1 provides necessary and sufficient conditions for a general linear system, described by a set of high order differential equations, to be passive. Part 2 extends the positive-real lemma to include uncontrollable and unobservable state-space systems.
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