Theory of single photon detection by 'dirty' current-carrying superconducting strip based on the kinetic equation approach

TL;DR

This paper models the dynamics of electron and phonon interactions in superconducting nanostrips after photon absorption, revealing how material properties influence detection efficiency and thermalization times for single-photon detection.

Contribution

It introduces a kinetic equation approach to analyze hot spot formation and detection current dependence on material parameters in superconducting nanostrips.

Findings

Higher $C_e/C_{ph}|_{T_c}$ ratios lead to faster electron thermalization.

Detection current depends on photon energy, absorption site, strip width, and magnetic field.

Materials with low $C_e/C_{ph}|_{T_c}$ are less effective for single-photon detection.

Abstract

Using kinetic equation approach we study dynamics of electrons and phonons in current-carrying superconducting nanostrips after absorption of single photon of near-infrared or optical range. We find that the larger the ratio $C_e/C_{ph}|_{T_c}$ ($T_c$ is a critical temperature of superconductor, $C_e$ and $C_{ph}$ are specific heat capacities of electrons and phonons, respectively) the larger part of photon's energy goes to electrons, they become stronger heated and, hence, could thermalize faster during initial stage of hot spot formation. Thermalization time $\tau_{th}$ could be less than one picoseconds for superconductors with $C_e/C_{ph}|_{T_c}\gg 1$ and small diffusion coefficient $D\simeq 0.5 cm^2/s$ when thermalization occurs mainly due to electron-phonon and phonon-electron scattering in relatively small volume $\sim \xi^2d$ ($\xi$ is a superconducting coherence length, $d<\xi$ is a thickness of the strip). At larger times due to diffusion of hot electrons effective temperature inside the hot spot decreases, the size of hot spot increases, superconducting state becomes unstable and normal domain spreads in the strip at current larger than so-called detection current. We find dependence of detection current on the photon's energy, place of its absorption in the strip, width of the strip, magnetic field and compare it with existing experiments. Our results demonstrate that materials with $C_e/C_{ph}|_{T_c} \ll 1$ are bad candidates for single photon detectors due to small transfer of photon's energy to electronic system and large $\tau_{th}$. We also predict that even several microns wide dirty superconducting bridge is able to detect single near-infrared or optical photon if its critical current exceeds 70 $\%$ of depairing current and $C_e/C_{ph}|_{T_c} \gtrsim 1$.