Unsteady Aerodynamics and Vortex-sheet Formation of A Two-dimensional Airfoil

TL;DR

This paper develops an analytical model for unsteady aerodynamics of airfoils, focusing on vortex-sheet formation at the trailing edge, and validates it against experimental data for steady and unsteady flows.

Contribution

It introduces a coupled analytical approach to determine vortex-sheet formation, extending the unsteady Kutta condition for complex trailing edge geometries.

Findings

Model accurately predicts vortex sheet angles and strengths.

Flow structures and forces match experimental observations.

Applicable to various trailing edge configurations.

Abstract

Unsteady inviscid flow models of wings and airfoils have been developed to study the aerodynamics of natural and man-made flyers. Vortex methods have been extensively applied to reduce the dimensionality of these aerodynamic models, based on the proper estimation of the strength and distribution of the vortices in the wake. In such modeling approaches, one of the most fundamental questions is how the vortex sheets are generated and released from sharp edges. To determine the formation of the trailing-edge vortex sheet, the classical Kutta condition can be extended to unsteady situations by realizing that a flow cannot turn abruptly around a sharp edge. This condition can be readily applied to a flat plate or an airfoil with cusped trailing edge since the direction of the forming vortex sheet is known to be tangential to the trailing edge. However, for a finite-angle trailing edge, or in the case of flow separation away from a sharp corner, the direction of the forming vortex sheet is ambiguous. To remove any ad-hoc implementation, the unsteady Kutta condition, the conservation of circulation, as well as the conservation laws of mass and momentum are coupled to analytically solve for the angle, strength, and relative velocity of the trailing-edge vortex sheet. The two-dimensional aerodynamic model together with the proposed vortex-sheet formation condition is verified by comparing flow structures and force calculations with experimental results for airfoils in steady and unsteady background flows.