Ultrafast dynamics of non-equilibrium electrons and strain generation under femtosecond laser irradiation of Nickel

TL;DR

This paper presents a theoretical model of ultrafast electron dynamics in Nickel under femtosecond laser irradiation, highlighting the impact of nonthermal electrons on material response and damage thresholds.

Contribution

It introduces a novel model that accounts for nonthermal electron effects, improving predictions over traditional two-temperature models in laser-material interactions.

Findings

Nonthermal electrons significantly influence electron-phonon relaxation times.

The model predicts a 33% lower damage threshold compared to traditional models.

Early stress increases by approximately 20%, affecting material micromachining.

Abstract

We present a theoretical study of the ultrafast electron dynamics in transition metals using ultrashort pulsed laser beams. The significant influence of the contribution of the dynamics of produced nonthermal electrons to electron thermalisation and electron-phonon interaction is thoroughly investigated within a range of values of the pulse duration (i.e. from 10fs to 2.3ps). The theoretical model elaborates firstly on possible transient changes of optical parameters during irradiation due to the presence of the non-equilibrium electrons and the modification of the electron distribution function in a material characterized by a variable electron density of states around the Fermi energy. The model correlates the role of nonthermal electrons, relaxation processes and induced stress-strain fields. Simulations are presented by choosing Nickel (Ni) as a test material to compute electron-phonon relaxation time due to its large electron-phonon coupling constant that expects to reveal more conclusively the influence of the non-equilibrium electrons. We demonstrate the consideration of the above factors leads to significant changes compared to the results the traditional Two Temperature Model (TTM) provides. The proposed model predicts a substantially (~33%) smaller damage threshold and a large increase of the stress (~20%, at early times) which firstly underlines the role of the nonthermal electron interactions and secondly enhances its importance with respect to the precise determination of laser specifications in material micromachining techniques.