A first-principles model of copper-boron interactions in Si: implications for the light-induced degradation of solar Si

TL;DR

This paper presents a first-principles model of copper-boron interactions in silicon, elucidating their role in light-induced degradation of solar cells by analyzing defect formation, interactions, and effects on carrier lifetime.

Contribution

It provides a detailed first-principles analysis of CuB defect formation, interaction, and their impact on Cu release and degradation in silicon solar cells, which was previously not well understood.

Findings

Coulomb-like long-range interaction between Cu and B

Short-range repulsive interaction reduces binding energy

Metastable CuB pairs create acceptor states near conduction band

Abstract

The recent discovery that Cu contamination of Si combined with light exposure has a significant detrimental impact on carrier life-time has drawn much concern within the solar-Si community. The effect, known as the copper-related light-induced degradation (Cu-LID) of Si solar cells, has been connected to the release of Cu interstitials within the bulk [Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 147:115-126, 2016]. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive analysis of the formation/dissociation process of the CuB pair in Si by means of first-principles modelling, as well as the interaction of CuB defects with photo-excited minority carriers. We confirm that the long-range interaction between the Cu cation and the B anion has a Coulomb-like behaviour, in line with the trapping-limited diffusivity of Cu observed by transient ion drift measurements. On the other hand, the short-range interaction between the d-electrons of Cu and the excess of negative charge on B produces a repulsive effect, thereby decreasing the binding energy of the pair when compared to the ideal point-charge Coulomb model. We also find that metastable CuB pairs produce acceptor states just below the conduction band minimum, which arise from the Cu level emptied by the B acceptor. Based on these results, we argue that photo-generated minority carriers trapped by the metastable pairs can switch off the Coulomb interaction that holds the pairs together, enhancing the release of Cu interstitials, and acting as a catalyst for Cu-LID.