An Optimal Ancestry Labeling Scheme with Applications to XML Trees and Universal Posets

TL;DR

This paper presents an optimal ancestry-labeling scheme for rooted trees that minimizes label size, enabling efficient ancestry queries, with applications to XML trees and universal posets, matching known lower bounds.

Contribution

It introduces a label scheme with size matching the lower bound for general trees and provides simplified schemes for trees with bounded depth, also applying to universal poset construction.

Findings

Label size of log_2 n + O(log log n) bits for general trees.

Efficient labeling for trees with small depth, log_2 n + 2 log_2 d + O(1) bits.

Construction of small universal posets of size  ilde O(n^k) for posets with bounded tree-dimension.

Abstract

In this paper we solve the ancestry-labeling scheme problem which aims at assigning the shortest possible labels (bit strings) to nodes of rooted trees, so that ancestry queries between any two nodes can be answered by inspecting their assigned labels only. This problem was introduced more than twenty years ago by Kannan et al. [STOC '88], and is among the most well-studied problems in the field of informative labeling schemes. We construct an ancestry-labeling scheme for $n$-node trees with label size $\log_2 n + O(\log \log n)$ bits, thus matching the $\log_2 n + O(\log \log n)$ bits lower bound given by Alstrup et al. [SODA '03]. Our scheme is based on a simplified ancestry scheme that operates extremely well on a restricted set of trees. In particular, for the set of n-node trees with depth at most d, the simplified ancestry scheme enjoys label size of $\log_2 n + 2 \log_2 d + O(1)$ bits. Since the depth of most XML trees is at most some small constant, such an ancestry scheme may be of practical use. In addition, we also obtain an adjacency-labeling scheme that labels n-node trees of depth d with labels of size $\log_2 n + 3 \log_2 d + O(1)$ bits. All our schemes assign the labels in linear time, and guarantee that any query can be answered in constant time. Finally, our ancestry scheme finds applications to the construction of small universal partially ordered sets (posets). Specifically, for any fixed integer k, it enables the construction of a universal poset of size $\tilde O(n^k)$ for the family of $n$-element posets with tree-dimension at most $k$. Up to lower order terms, this bound is tight thanks to a lower bound of $n^{k-o(1)}$ due to Alon and Scheinerman [Order '88].