Estimation of the Perturbing Accelerations Induced on the LARES Satellite by Neutral Atmosphere Drag

TL;DR

This paper quantifies the neutral atmosphere drag effects on the LARES satellite over 3.7 years, demonstrating that current models can explain most of the observed orbital decay, with a small residual acceleration remaining.

Contribution

The study provides a detailed analysis of neutral atmosphere drag on LARES using multiple thermospheric models, improving understanding of non-gravitational perturbations on high-altitude satellites.

Findings

Most of the semi-major axis decay is explained by neutral atmosphere models.

Differences among drag coefficients from different models are less than 10%.

A residual decay suggests additional minor forces or model uncertainties.

Abstract

The laser-ranged satellite LARES is expected to provide new refined measurements of relativistic physics, as well as significant contributions to space geodesy and geophysics. The very low area-to-mass ratio of this passive and dense satellite was chosen to reduce as much as possible the disturbing effects of non-gravitational perturbations. However, because of its height, about 1450 km compared with about 5800-5900 km for the two LAGEOS satellites, LARES is exposed to a much stronger drag due to neutral atmosphere. From a precise orbit determination, analyzing the laser ranging normal points of LARES over a time span of about 3.7 years, it was found an average semi-major axis decay rate of -0.999 m per year, corresponding to a non-conservative net force with a mean along-track acceleration of -1.444 x 10^-11 m/s^2. By means of a modified version of the SATRAP (ISTI/CNR) code, the neutral drag perturbation acting on LARES was evaluated over the same time span, taking into account the real evolution of solar and geomagnetic activities, with five thermospheric density models. All of them were able to model most of the observed semi-major axis decay, with differences among the average drag coefficients smaller than 10%. A further independent check carried out analyzing the orbital decay of a passive spherical satellite (Ajisai) just 40 km higher than LARES, it was then concluded that some of the currently best models developed for neutral atmosphere, within their uncertainties and range of applicability, were able to account for most (about 98.6%) of the observed semi-major axis decay of LARES. Finally, after modeling the neutral atmosphere drag, a residual semi-major axis decay, corresponding to an average along-track acceleration of about -2 x 10^-13 m/s^2 (i.e. about 1/72 of neutral drag), was detected as well.