Slope of the lateral density function of extensive air showers around the knee region as an indicator of shower age

TL;DR

This paper investigates how the slope of the lateral density function of extensive air showers around the knee energy region can serve as an indicator of shower age and primary cosmic ray composition, using simulated data.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of the lateral shower age parameter and its correlation with other observables, providing insights into primary cosmic ray composition changes around the knee.

Findings

Supports transition from light to heavy primaries at the knee

Lateral density slope correlates with shower age and composition

Findings consistent with KASCADE data

Abstract

Analyzing simulated extensive air shower (EAS) events generated with the Monte Carlo code CORSIKA, this paper critically studies the characteristics of lateral distribution of electrons in EAS around the knee energy region of the energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays. The study takes into account the issue of lateral shower age parameter as indicator of the stage of development of showers in the atmosphere. The correlation of lateral shower age parameter with other EAS observables is examined, using simulated data in the context of its possible use in a multi-parameter study of EAS, with a view to obtaining information about the nature of the shower initiating primaries at sea level EAS experiments. It is shown that the observed slope of the lateral density function in the 3-dimensional plot at least for the KASCADE data supports the idea of a transition from light to heavy mass composition around the knee.