On the interplay between notions of additive and multiplicative largeness and its combinatorial applications

TL;DR

This paper explores the relationships between additive and multiplicative notions of largeness in number theory and ring structures, providing new results, applications, and strengthened classical theorems in combinatorics and dynamics.

Contribution

It establishes how multiplicative largeness implies additive largeness, introduces new characterizations of Banach density, and strengthens classical combinatorial theorems.

Findings

Multiplicative largeness implies additive largeness in various contexts.

New characterization of upper Banach density in amenable semigroups.

Strengthened Szemerédi and van der Waerden theorems with explicit uniformity.

Abstract

Many natural notions of additive and multiplicative largeness arise from results in Ramsey theory. In this paper, we explain the relationships between these notions for subsets of $\mathbb{N}$ and in more general ring-theoretic structures. We show that multiplicative largeness begets additive largeness in three ways and give a collection of examples demonstrating the optimality of these results. We also give a variety of applications arising from the connection between additive and multiplicative largeness. For example, we show that given any $n, k \in \mathbb{N}$, any finite set with fewer than $n$ elements in a sufficiently large finite field can be translated so that each of its elements becomes a non-zero $k^{\text{th}}$ power. We also prove a theorem concerning Diophantine approximation along multiplicatively syndetic subsets of $\mathbb{N}$ and a theorem showing that subsets of positive upper Banach density in certain multiplicative sub-semigroups of $\mathbb{N}$ of zero density contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. Along the way, we develop a new characterization of upper Banach density in a wide class of amenable semigroups and make explicit the uniformity in recurrence theorems from measure theoretic and topological dynamics. This in turn leads to strengthened forms of classical theorems of Szemer\'edi and van der Waerden on arithmetic progressions.