Linear-Time Safe-Alternating DFS and SCCs

TL;DR

This paper introduces a linear-time algorithm for decomposing alternating graphs into safe strongly-connected components, generalizing classical SCC decomposition, with applications in efficiently solving infinite-duration pebble games.

Contribution

It presents the first linear-time algorithm for safe alternating SCC decomposition, extending classical graph decomposition techniques to alternating graphs with applications in game theory.

Findings

Linear-time algorithm for safe alternating SCC decomposition

Generalizes classical SCC decomposition to alternating graphs

Speeds up solving infinite-duration pebble games

Abstract

An alternating graph is a directed graph whose vertex set is partitioned into two classes, existential and universal. This forms the basic arena for a plethora of infinite duration two-player games where Player~$\square$ and~$\ocircle$ alternate in a turn-based sliding of a pebble along the arcs they control. We study alternating strongly-connectedness as a generalization of strongly-connectedness in directed graphs, aiming at providing a linear time decomposition and a sound structural graph characterization. For this a refined notion of alternating reachability is introduced: Player~$\square$ attempts to reach vertices without leaving a prescribed subset of the vertices, while Player~$\ocircle$ works against. This is named \emph{safe alternating reachability}. It is shown that every arena uniquely decomposes into safe alternating strongly-connected components where Player~$\square$ can visit each vertex within a given component infinitely often, without having to ever leave out the component itself. Our main result is a linear time algorithm for computing this alternating graph decomposition. Both the underlying graph structures and the algorithm generalize the classical decomposition of a directed graph into strongly-connected components. The algorithm builds on a linear time generalization of the depth-first search on alternation, taking inspiration from Tarjan 1972 machinery. Our theory has direct applications in solving well-known infinite duration pebble games faster. Dinneen and Khoussainov showed in 1999 that deciding a given Update Game costs $O(mn)$ time, where $n$ is the number of vertices and $m$ is that of arcs. We solve the task in $\Theta(m+n)$ linear~time. The complexity of Explicit McNaughton-M\"uller Games also improves from cubic to quadratic.