Hierarchical Clustering via Spreading Metrics

TL;DR

This paper introduces an improved $O( ext{log } n)$-approximation algorithm for hierarchical clustering based on spreading metrics, with theoretical guarantees and practical benefits over existing methods.

Contribution

It provides the first $O( ext{log } n)$-approximation algorithm for hierarchical clustering using spreading metrics, with a new ILP formulation and sphere growing technique.

Findings

The algorithm achieves better approximation ratios than previous methods.

Hierarchies produced often have improved flat cluster projections.

The approach extends to a generalized cost function with similar guarantees.

Abstract

We study the cost function for hierarchical clusterings introduced by [arXiv:1510.05043] where hierarchies are treated as first-class objects rather than deriving their cost from projections into flat clusters. It was also shown in [arXiv:1510.05043] that a top-down algorithm returns a hierarchical clustering of cost at most $O\left(\alpha_n \log n\right)$ times the cost of the optimal hierarchical clustering, where $\alpha_n$ is the approximation ratio of the Sparsest Cut subroutine used. Thus using the best known approximation algorithm for Sparsest Cut due to Arora-Rao-Vazirani, the top down algorithm returns a hierarchical clustering of cost at most $O\left(\log^{3/2} n\right)$ times the cost of the optimal solution. We improve this by giving an $O(\log{n})$-approximation algorithm for this problem. Our main technical ingredients are a combinatorial characterization of ultrametrics induced by this cost function, deriving an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation for this family of ultrametrics, and showing how to iteratively round an LP relaxation of this formulation by using the idea of \emph{sphere growing} which has been extensively used in the context of graph partitioning. We also prove that our algorithm returns an $O(\log{n})$-approximate hierarchical clustering for a generalization of this cost function also studied in [arXiv:1510.05043]. Experiments show that the hierarchies found by using the ILP formulation as well as our rounding algorithm often have better projections into flat clusters than the standard linkage based algorithms. We also give constant factor inapproximability results for this problem.