A breather construction for a semilinear curl-curl wave equation with radially symmetric coefficients

TL;DR

This paper constructs time-periodic, spatially localized solutions (breathers) for a semilinear curl-curl wave equation with radially symmetric coefficients, using reduction to an ODE and phase space analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a novel method to find radially symmetric breather solutions by reducing the PDE to an ODE, revealing a continuum of phase-shifted solutions.

Findings

Existence of time-periodic, localized solutions for all p>1.

Reduction of the PDE to an analyzable ODE using symmetry.

Discovery of a continuum of phase-shifted breather solutions.

Abstract

We consider the semilinear curl-curl wave equation $s(x) \partial_t^2 U +\nabla\times\nabla\times U + q(x) U \pm V(x) |U|^{p-1} U = 0 \mbox{ for } (x,t)\in \mathbb{R}^3\times\mathbb{R}$. For any $p>1$ we prove the existence of time-periodic spatially localized real-valued solutions (breathers) both for the $+$ and the $-$ case under slightly different hypotheses. Our solutions are classical solutions that are radially symmetric in space and decay exponentially to $0$ as $|x|\to \infty$. Our method is based on the fact that gradient fields of radially symmetric functions are annihilated by the curl-curl operator. Consequently, the semilinear wave equation is reduced to an ODE with $r=|x|$ as a parameter. This ODE can be efficiently analyzed in phase space. As a side effect of our analysis, we obtain not only one but a full continuum of phase-shifted breathers $U(x,t+a(x))$, where $U$ is a particular breather and $a:\mathbb{R}^3\to\mathbb{R}$ an arbitrary radially symmetric $C^2$-function.