Quantifying word salad: The structural randomness of verbal reports predicts negative symptoms and Schizophrenia diagnosis 6 months later

TL;DR

This study introduces a novel graph-based measure of speech connectedness, called the Fragmentation Index, which predicts negative symptoms and schizophrenia diagnosis with high accuracy during initial clinical contact.

Contribution

It demonstrates that speech connectedness quantified through graph analysis can reliably predict schizophrenia and negative symptoms, validated in independent cohorts.

Findings

Random-like speech prevalent in schizophrenia patients

Connectedness explains 92% of negative symptom variance

Fragmentation Index predicts diagnosis with 89% accuracy

Abstract

Background: The precise quantification of negative symptoms is necessary to improve differential diagnosis and prognosis prediction in Schizophrenia. In chronic psychotic patients, the representation of verbal reports as word graphs provides automated sorting of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and control groups based on the degree of speech connectedness. Here we aim to use machine learning to verify whether speech connectedness during first clinical contact can predict negative symptoms and Schizophrenia diagnosis six months later. Methods: PANSS scores and memory reports were collected from 21 patients undergoing first clinical contact for recent-onset psychosis and followed for 6 months to establish DSM-IV diagnosis, and 21 healthy controls. Each report was represented as a graph in which words corresponded to nodes, and node temporal succession corresponded to edges. Three connectedness attributes were extracted from each graph, z-scores to random graph distributions were measured, correlated with the PANSS negative subscale, combined into a single Fragmentation Index, and used for predictions. Findings: Random-like speech was prevalent among Schizophrenia patients (64% x 5% in Control group, p=0.0002). Connectedness explained 92% of the PANSS negative subscale variance (p=0.0001). The Fragmentation Index classified low versus high scores of PANSS negative subscale with 93% accuracy (AUC=1), predicted Schizophrenia diagnosis with 89% accuracy (AUC=0.89), and was validated in an independent cohort of chronic psychotic patients. Interpretation: The structural randomness of speech graph connectedness is increased in Schizophrenia. It provides a quantitative measurement of word salad as a Fragmentation Index that tightly correlates with negative symptoms and predicts Schizophrenia diagnosis during first clinical contact of recent-onset psychosis.