H0LiCOW VI. Testing the fidelity of lensed quasar host galaxy reconstruction

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates through simulations that host galaxy luminosities in strongly lensed quasars can be measured with high accuracy, enabling better studies of black hole and galaxy co-evolution at cosmological distances.

Contribution

It provides a detailed simulation-based validation of host galaxy luminosity recovery in lensed quasars, ensuring measurement precision surpasses typical black hole mass uncertainties.

Findings

Host galaxy luminosity can be recovered with better than 0.5 dex accuracy.

Simulations show host brightness as faint as 2-4 magnitudes below the AGN can be measured reliably.

The method improves the potential for studying black hole-galaxy relations at high redshift.

Abstract

The empirical correlation between the mass of a super-massive black hole (MBH) and its host galaxy properties is widely considered to be evidence of their co-evolution. A powerful way to test the co-evolution scenario and learn about the feedback processes linking galaxies and nuclear activity is to measure these correlations as a function of redshift. Unfortunately, currently MBH can only be estimated in active galaxies at cosmological distances. At these distances, bright active galactic nuclei (AGN) can outshine the host galaxy, making it extremely difficult to measure the host's luminosity. Strongly lensed AGNs provide in principle a great opportunity to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of the host galaxy luminosity measurements as the host galaxy is magnified and more easily separated from the point source, provided the lens model is sufficiently accurate. In order to measure the MBH-L correlation with strong lensing, it is necessary to ensure that the lens modelling is accurate, and that the host galaxy luminosity can be recovered to at least a precision and accuracy better than that of the typical MBH measurement. We carry out extensive and realistic simulations of deep Hubble Space Telescope observations of lensed AGNs obtained by our collaboration. We show that the host galaxy luminosity can be recovered with better accuracy and precision than the typical uncertainty on MBH(~ 0.5 dex) for hosts as faint as 2-4 magnitudes dimmer than the AGN itself. Our simulations will be used to estimate bias and uncertainties on the actual measurements to be presented in a future paper.