On the nature and correction of the spurious S-wise spiral galaxy winding bias in Galaxy Zoo 1

TL;DR

This paper investigates the S-wise spiral galaxy bias in Galaxy Zoo 1, revealing it is a human selection artifact rather than an intrinsic universe property, and demonstrates how unbiased algorithms can correct this bias.

Contribution

The study identifies the bias as a human selection effect and introduces a method to correct it using machine-based galaxy classification independent of human chirality judgments.

Findings

Bias is due to human selection, not intrinsic universe asymmetry.

Unbiased machine classification removes the S-wise surplus.

Galaxy winding directions are consistent with a fair coin flip.

Abstract

The Galaxy Zoo 1 catalog displays a bias towards the S-wise winding direction in spiral galaxies which has yet to be explained. The lack of an explanation confounds our attempts to verify the Cosmological Principle, and has spurred some debate as to whether a bias exists in the real universe. The bias manifests not only in the obvious case of trying to decide if the universe as a whole has a winding bias, but also in the more insidious case of selecting which galaxies to include in a winding direction survey. While the former bias has been accounted for in a previous image-mirroring study, the latter has not. Furthermore, the bias has never been {\em corrected} in the GZ1 catalog, as only a small sample of the GZ1 catalog was re-examined during the mirror study. We show that the existing bias is a human {\em selection} effect rather than a human chirality bias. In effect, the excess S-wise votes are spuriously "stolen" from the elliptical and edge-on-disk categories, not the Z-wise category. Thus, when selecting a set of spiral galaxies by imposing a threshold $T$ so that $\max(P_S,P_Z) > T$ or $P_S+P_Z>T$, we spuriously select more S-wise than Z-wise galaxies. We show that when a provably unbiased machine selects which galaxies are spirals independent of their chirality, the S-wise surplus vanishes, even if humans are still used to determine the chirality. Thus, when viewed across the entire GZ1 sample (and by implication, the Sloan catalog), the winding direction of arms in spiral galaxies as viewed from Earth is consistent with the flip of a fair coin.