Neutron Stars in the Laboratory

TL;DR

This paper reviews how laboratory condensate experiments, such as superfluid helium and cold atom systems, can inform our understanding of neutron star physics, bridging astrophysics and condensed matter physics.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive comparison of laboratory condensates and neutron star matter, highlighting new experimental approaches to study neutron star phenomena.

Findings

Laboratory experiments can simulate neutron star superfluid and superconducting states.

Recent progress in low-temperature physics offers new insights into neutron star matter.

Proposed experimental methods could advance understanding of neutron star dynamics.

Abstract

Neutron stars are astrophysical laboratories of many extremes of physics. Their rich phenomenology provides insights into the state and composition of matter at densities which cannot be reached in terrestrial experiments. Since the core of a mature neutron star is expected to be dominated by superfluid and superconducting components, observations also probe the dynamics of large-scale quantum condensates. The testing and understanding of the relevant theory tends to focus on the interface between the astrophysics phenomenology and nuclear physics. The connections with low-temperature experiments tend to be ignored. However, there has been dramatic progress in understanding laboratory condensates (from the different phases of superfluid helium to the entire range of superconductors and cold atom condensates). In this review, we provide an overview of these developments, compare and contrast the mathematical descriptions of laboratory condensates and neutron stars and summarise the current experimental state-of-the-art. This discussion suggests novel ways that we may make progress in understanding neutron star physics using low-temperature laboratory experiments.