Solar Energetic Particle drifts and the energy dependence of 1 AU charge states

TL;DR

This study uses a 3D test particle model to show that drift effects in interplanetary space can explain the observed energy-dependent charge states of Solar Energetic Particles at 1 AU, challenging the idea they originate solely at the source.

Contribution

The paper demonstrates that drift-induced propagation effects can account for the energy dependence of SEP charge states observed at 1 AU, providing a new perspective on SEP transport.

Findings

Charge states increase with energy due to drift effects.

Drift effects cause different propagation efficiencies for ions.

Observed charge state distributions do not directly reflect injection conditions.

Abstract

The event-averaged charge state of heavy ion Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs), measured at 1 AU from the Sun, typically increases with the ions' kinetic energy. The origin of this behaviour has been ascribed to processes taking place within the acceleration region. In this paper we study the propagation through interplanetary space of SEP Fe ions, injected near the Sun with a variety of charge states that are uniformly distributed in energy, by means of a 3D test particle model. In our simulations, due to gradient and curvature drifts associated with the Parker spiral magnetic field, ions of different charge propagate with very different efficiencies to an observer that is not magnetically well connected to the source region. As a result we find that, for many observer locations, the 1 AU event-averaged charge state <Q>, as obtained from our model, displays an increase with particle energy E, in qualitative agreement with spacecraft observations. We conclude that drift-associated propagation is a possible explanation for the observed distribution of <Q> versus E in SEP events, and that the distribution measured in interplanetary space cannot be taken to represent that at injection.