A proposal for the thermodynamics of certain open systems

TL;DR

This paper proposes a thermodynamic framework for open systems where temperature and chemical potential depend on energy levels, leading to novel phenomena like excited state Bose-Einstein condensation.

Contribution

It introduces a new approach to open system thermodynamics by constraining weighted sums of energy levels, allowing for energy-dependent temperature and chemical potential.

Findings

Energy-dependent inverse temperature $eta(\e)$ derived from weighted sum constraints

Possibility of Bose-Einstein condensation in excited energy levels

Framework applicable to irreversible thermodynamics

Abstract

Motivated by the fact that the (inverse) temperature might be a function of the energy levels in the Planck distribution $n_\epsilon=\frac1{\zeta^{-1}e^{\beta(\epsilon)\epsilon}-1}$ for the occupation number $n_\epsilon$ of the level $\epsilon$, we show that it can be naturally achieved by imposing the constraint concerning the conservation of a weighted sum $\sum_{\epsilon}f(\epsilon)\epsilon n_\epsilon$, with a fixed positive weight function $f$, of the contributions of the single energy levels occupation in the Microcanonical Ensemble scheme, obtaining $\beta(\epsilon)\propto f(\epsilon)$. This immediately addresses the possibility that also a weighted sum $\sum_{\epsilon}g(\epsilon)n_\epsilon$ of the particles occupation number is conserved, having as a consequence that the chemical potential might be a function of the energy levels of the system as well. This scheme leads to a thermodynamics of open systems in the following way: the equilibrium is reached when the entropy function is maximised under the constraints that some weighed sums of occupation of the energy levels and the occupation numbers are conserved. The standard case of isolated systems corresponds to the weight functions being trivial (i.e. $f, g$ are identically 1). For such open systems, new and unexpected phenomena which might happen in nature can appear, like the Bose Einstein Condensation in excited levels. The ideas outlined in the present paper may provide a new approach for the treatment of the irreversible thermodynamics.