Variability of stellar granulation and convective blueshift with spectral type and magnetic activity. I. K and G main sequence stars

TL;DR

This study investigates how stellar granulation and convective blueshift vary with spectral type and magnetic activity in G and K main sequence stars, providing new insights into their impact on radial velocity measurements.

Contribution

It offers the first comprehensive estimation of convective blueshift dependence on Teff, magnetic activity, and wavelength across a large sample of G and K stars.

Findings

Convective blueshift decreases with lower stellar temperatures.

Dependence of spectral line shifts on activity level and wavelength was quantified.

Attenuation factor of convective blueshift remains constant across spectral types.

Abstract

In solar-type stars, the attenuation of convective blueshift by stellar magnetic activity dominates the RV variations over the low amplitude signal induced by low mass planets. Models of stars that differ from the Sun will require a good knowledge of the attenuation of the convective blueshift to estimate its impact on the variations. It is therefore crucial to precisely determine not only the amplitude of the convective blueshift for different types of stars, but also the dependence of this convective blueshift on magnetic activity, as these are key factors in our model producing the RV. We studied a sample of main sequence stars with spectral types from G0 to K2 and focused on their temporally averaged properties: the activity level and a criterion allowing to characterise the amplitude of the convective blueshift. We find the differential velocity shifts of spectral lines due to convection to depend on the spectral type, the wavelength (this dependence is correlated with the Teff and activity level), and on the activity level. This allows us to quantify the dependence of granulation properties on magnetic activity for stars other than the Sun. The attenuation factor of the convective blueshift appears to be constant over the considered range of spectral types. We derive a convective blueshift which decreases towards lower temperatures, with a trend in close agreement with models for Teff lower than 5800 K, but with a significantly larger global amplitude. We finally compare the observed RV variation amplitudes with those that could be derived from our convective blueshift using a simple law and find a general agreement on the amplitude. Our results are consistent with previous results and provide, for the first time, an estimation of the convective blueshift as a function of Teff, magnetic activity, and wavelength, over a large sample of G and K main sequence stars.