Optical and near-infrared photometric monitoring of the transient X-ray binary A0538-66 with REM

TL;DR

This study presents quasi-simultaneous optical and near-infrared monitoring of the transient X-ray binary A0538-66, revealing periodic flares, long-term variability, and disc perturbations linked to neutron star interactions, enhancing understanding of its complex behaviour.

Contribution

First simultaneous optical and near-infrared photometric monitoring of A0538-66, providing new insights into its variability and circumstellar disc dynamics.

Findings

Detection of ~16.6-day periodic flares aligned with the neutron star's orbit.

Observation of long-term variability decreasing with wavelength.

Evidence of disc perturbations possibly caused by tidal interactions.

Abstract

The transient Be/X-ray binary A0538-66 shows peculiar X-ray and optical variability. Despite numerous studies, the intrinsic properties underlying its anomalous behaviour remain poorly understood. Since 2014 September we are conducting the first quasi-simultaneous optical and near-infrared photometric monitoring of A0538-66 in seven filters with the Rapid Eye Mount (REM) telescope, aiming to understand the properties of this binary system. We found that the REM lightcurves show fast flares lasting one or two days that repeat almost regularly every ~16.6 days, the orbital period of the neutron star. If the optical flares are powered by X-ray outbursts through photon reprocessing, the REM lightcurves indicate that A0538-66 is still active in X-rays: bright X-ray flares (L_x > 1E37 erg/s) could be observable during the periastron passages. The REM lightcurves show a long-term variability that is especially pronounced in the g band and decreases with increasing wavelength, until it no longer appears in the near-infrared lightcurves. In addition, A0538-66 is fainter with respect to previous optical observations most likely due to the higher absorption of the stellar radiation of a denser circumstellar disc. On the basis of the current models, we interpret these observational results with a circumstellar disc around the Be star observed nearly edge-on during a partial depletion phase. The REM lightcurves also show short-term variability on timescales of ~1 day possibly indicative of perturbations in the density distribution of the circumstellar disc caused by the tidal interaction with the neutron star.