Multi-level perspective on high-order harmonic generation in solids

TL;DR

This paper presents a multi-level model to understand high-order harmonic generation in solids, explaining the spectral features and connecting the process to band structure mapping via a semi-classical three-step picture.

Contribution

It introduces a combined adiabatic and diabatic process model for HHG in solids and links laser-dressed states to band structure mapping, extending previous interpretations.

Findings

Cutoff energies and plateau strengths explained by the model.

Laser-dressed states correspond to Houston states, enabling band structure mapping.

A semi-classical three-step picture describes HHG in solids.

Abstract

We investigate high-order harmonic generation in a solid, modeled as a multi-level system dressed by a strong infrared laser field. We show that the cutoff energies and the relative strengths of the multiple plateaus that emerge in the harmonic spectrum can be understood both qualitatively and quantitatively by considering a combination of adiabatic and diabatic processes driven by the strong field. Such a model was recently used to interpret the multiple plateaus exhibited in harmonic spectra generated by solid argon and krypton [Ndabashimiye {\it et al.}, Nature 534, 520 (2016)]. We also show that when the multi-level system originates from the Bloch state at the $\Gamma$ point of the band structure, the laser-dressed states are equivalent to the Houston states [Krieger {\it el al.} Phys. Rev. B 33, 5494 (1986)] and will therefore map out the band structure away from the $\Gamma$ point as the laser field increases. This leads to a semi-classical three-step picture in momentum space that describes the high-order harmonic generation process in a solid.