Two Distinct-Absorption X-Ray Components from Type IIn Supernovae: Evidence for Asphericity in the Circumstellar Medium

TL;DR

This study reveals two distinct X-ray components in Type IIn supernovae, suggesting asphericity in the circumstellar medium, with a torus-like geometry explaining the spectral evolution.

Contribution

It introduces a new interpretation that the soft X-ray component originates from a void in the dense CSM, indicating asphericity in the supernova environment.

Findings

Detection of a soft X-ray component in multiple SNe IIn

Proposed torus-like CSM geometry explains spectral evolution

Estimated CSM torus radius of ~5×10^{16} cm

Abstract

We present multi-epoch X-ray spectral observations of three Type IIn supernovae (SNe) 2005kd, 2006jd, and 2010jl, acquired with Chandra, XMM-Newton, Suzaku, and Swift. Previous extensive X-ray studies of SN 2010jl have revealed that X-ray spectra are dominated by thermal emission, which likely arises from a hot plasma heated by a forward shock propagating into a massive circumstellar medium (CSM). Interestingly, an additional soft X-ray component was required to reproduce the spectra at a period of ~1-2 yr after the SN explosion. Although this component is likely associated with the SN, its origin remained an open question. We find a similar, additional soft X-ray component from the other two SNe IIn as well. Given this finding, we present a new interpretation for the origin of this component; it is thermal emission from a forward shock essentially identical to the hard X-ray component, but directly reaches us from a void of the dense CSM. Namely, the hard and soft components are responsible for the heavily- and moderately-absorbed components, respectively. The co-existence of the two components with distinct absorptions as well as the delayed emergence of the moderately-absorbed X-ray component would be evidence for asphericity of the CSM. We show that the X-ray spectral evolution can be qualitatively explained by considering a torus-like geometry for the dense CSM. Based on our X-ray spectral analyses, we estimate the radius of the torus-like CSM to be on the order of ~5 times 10^{16} cm.