Resolving the base of the relativistic jet in M87 at 6$R_{\rm sch}$ resolution with global mm-VLBI

TL;DR

This study uses ultra-high resolution global mm-VLBI observations to resolve the innermost jet structure of M87 at 6 Schwarzschild radii, revealing detailed jet morphology and brightness temperature evolution near the black hole.

Contribution

It provides the first ultra-high resolution imaging of M87's innermost jet at 6 R_sch, employing advanced imaging algorithms to reveal new fine-scale jet structures.

Findings

Jet exhibits limb-brightened, parabolic shape close to the black hole

Brightness temperature shows systematic evolution with distance from the BH

Super-resolution imaging uncovers unprecedented fine-scale jet features

Abstract

M87 is one of the nearest radio galaxies with a central SMBH and a prominent relativistic jet. Due to its close distance to the observer and the large SMBH mass, the source is one of the best laboratories to obtain strong observational constraints on the theoretical models for the formation and evolution of the AGN jets. In this article, we present preliminary results from our ongoing observational study about the innermost jet of M87 at an ultra-high resolution of $\sim$50${\mu}$as achieved by the Global Millimeter-VLBI Array (GMVA). The data obtained between 2004 and 2015 clearly show limb-brightened jets at extreme resolution and sensitivity. Our preliminary analysis reveals that the innermost jet expands in an edge-brightened cone structure (parabolic shape) but with the jet expansion profile slightly different from the outer regions of the jet. Brightness temperatures of the VLBI core obtained from cm- to mm-wavelengths show a systematic evolution, which can be interpreted as the evolution as a function of distance from the BH. We also adopt an alternative imaging algorithm, BSMEM, to test reliable imaging at higher angular resolution than provided by the standard CLEAN method (i.e. super-resolution). A demonstration with a VLBA 7mm example data set shows consistent results with a near-in-time 3mm VLBI image. Application of the method to the 2009 GMVA data yields an image with remarkable fine-scale structures that have been never imaged before. We present a brief interpretation of the complexity in the structure.