A high mass progenitor for the Type Ic Supernova 2007gr inferred from its environment

TL;DR

This study uses Hubble observations to analyze the environment of Type Ic SN 2007gr, revealing it likely originated from a massive star with an initial mass around 30-40 solar masses, supporting the massive progenitor hypothesis.

Contribution

It introduces a Bayesian method to determine the properties of the stellar population surrounding the supernova, providing new insights into its progenitor mass and environment.

Findings

SN 2007gr is in a young stellar population (~6.3 Myr)

The progenitor likely had an initial mass of ~30-40 solar masses

The environment supports a massive star origin, possibly a Wolf-Rayet star.

Abstract

We present an analysis of late-time Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 and Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 observations of the site of the Type Ic SN 2007gr in NGC 1058. The SN is barely recovered in the late-time WFPC2 observations, while a possible detection in the later WFC3 data is debatable. These observations were used to conduct a multiwavelength study of the surrounding stellar population. We fit spatial profiles to a nearby bright source that was previously proposed to be a host cluster. We find that, rather than being an extended cluster, it is consistent with a single point-like object. Fitting stellar models to the observed spectral energy distribution of this source, we conclude it is A1-A3 Yellow Supergiant, possibly corresponding to a star with $M_{ZAMS} = 40M_{\odot}$. SN 2007gr is situated in a massive star association, with diameter of $\approx 300\,\mathrm{pc}$. We present a Bayesian scheme to determine the properties of the surrounding massive star population, in conjunction with the Padova isochrones. We find that the stellar population, as observed in either the WFC3 and WFPC2 observations, can be well fit by two age distributions with mean ages: ~6.3 Myr and ~50 Myr. The stellar population is clearly dominated by the younger age solution (by factors of 3.5 and 5.7 from the WFPC2 and WFC3 observations, respectively), which corresponds to the lifetime of a star with $M_{ZAMS} \sim 30M_{\odot}$. This is strong evidence in favour of the hypothesis that SN 2007gr arose from a massive progenitor star, possibly capable of becoming a Wolf-Rayet star.