2WHSP: A catalog of HE and VHE gamma-ray blazars and blazar candidates

TL;DR

The paper presents the 2WHSP catalog, the largest collection of high synchrotron peaked blazars, derived from multi-wavelength data, which aids in high-energy astrophysics and multi-messenger research.

Contribution

It provides the most comprehensive catalog of HSP blazars, expanding previous lists with 1691 sources and detailed spectral and population analyses.

Findings

Largest HSP blazar catalog to date with 1691 sources

Characterized population properties including redshift and spectral distributions

Demonstrated utility in multi-messenger astrophysics and source identification

Abstract

Aims. High Synchrotron Peaked blazars (HSPs) dominate the -ray sky at energies larger than a few GeV; however, only a few hundred blazars of this type have been catalogued so far. In this paper we present the 2WHSP sample, the largest and most complete list of HSP blazars available to date, which is an expansion of the 1WHSP catalog of gamma-ray source candidates off the Galactic plane. Methods. We cross-matched a number of multi-wavelength surveys (in the radio, infrared and X-ray bands) and applied selection criteria based on the radio to IR and IR to X-ray spectral slopes. To ensure the selection of genuine HSPs we examined the SED of each candidate and estimated the peak frequency of its synchrotron emission ($\nu_{\rm peak}$) using the ASDC SED tool, including only sources with Synchrotron peak $\nu_{\rm peak} > 10^{15}$ Hz (equivalent to $\nu_{\rm peak} > 4$ eV). Results. We have assembled the largest and most complete catalog of HSP blazars to date, which includes 1691 sources. A number of population properties, such as infrared colours, synchrotron peak, redshift distributions, and -ray spectral properties, have been used to characterise the sample and maximize completeness. We also derived the radio logN-logS distribution. This catalog has already been used to provide seeds to discover new very high energy objects within Fermi-LAT data and to look for the counterparts of neutrino and ultra high energy cosmic ray sources, showing its potential for the identification of promising high-energy gamma-ray sources and multi-messenger targets.