Cross-Spectrum PM Noise Measurements, Thermal Energy and Metamaterial Filters

TL;DR

This paper discusses the limitations of cross-spectrum methods in oscillator phase noise measurements, highlighting systematic errors from thermal energy and metamaterials, which can significantly distort results.

Contribution

It reveals the impact of thermal energy and metamaterials on measurement accuracy, emphasizing the need to account for these factors in high-precision oscillator noise analysis.

Findings

Thermal energy of input splitters causes systematic measurement errors.

Metamaterial components lead to unpredictable and large errors.

Replacing output filters can cause a 40 dB variation in phase noise spectra.

Abstract

Virtually all commercial instruments for the measurement of the oscillator PM noise make use of the Cross Spectrum method (arXiv:1004.5539 [physics.ins-det], 2010). High sensitivity is achieved by correlation and averaging on two equal channels which measure the same input, and reject the background of the instrument. We show that a systematic error is always present if the thermal energy of the input power splitter is not accounted for. Such error can result in noise under estimation up to a few dB in the lowest-noise quartz oscillators, and in a complete nonsense in the case of cryogenic oscillators. As another alarming fact, the presence of metamaterial components in the oscillator results in unpredictable behavior and large errors, even in well controlled experimental conditions. We observed a spread of 40 dB in the phase noise spectra of an oscillator, just replacing the output filter.