Order, disorder and tunable gaps in the spectrum of Andreev bound states in a multi-terminal superconducting device

TL;DR

This paper investigates the spectrum of Andreev bound states in a multi-terminal superconducting device, revealing tunable gaps, topological effects, and a crossover from disordered to degenerate level bunching behavior.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of ABS spectra in a 4-terminal device, highlighting the impact of conductance ratios and topology on spectral properties and gap formation.

Findings

Identification of proximity and smile gaps in the spectrum.

Observation of a crossover from disordered to degenerate ABS levels.

Explanation of spectral features via topological effects and perturbation theory.

Abstract

We consider the spectrum of Andreev bound states (ABSs) in an exemplary 4-terminal superconducting structure where 4 chaotic cavities are connected by QPCs to the terminals and to each other forming a ring. Such a tunable device can be realized in 2DEG-superconductor structures. We concentrate on the limit of a short structure and large conductance of the QPCs where a quasi-continuous spectrum is formed. The energies can be tuned by the superconducting phases. We observe the opening and closing of gaps in the spectrum. This concerns the usual proximity gap that separates the levels from zero energy as well as less usual "smile" gaps that split the levels of the spectrum. We demonstrate a remarkable crossover in the overall spectrum that occurs upon changing the ratio of conductance of the inner and outer QPCs. At big values of the ratio, the levels exhibit a generic behavior expected for the spectrum of a disordered system manifesting level repulsion and "Brownian motion" upon changing the phases. At small values of the ratio, the levels are squeezed into narrow bunches separated by wide smile gaps. Each bunch consists of almost degenerate ABSs. We study in detail the properties of the spectrum in the limit of a small ratio, paying special attention to the crossings of bunches. We distinguish two types of crossings: i. with a regular phase dependence of the levels and ii. crossings where the Brownian motion of the levels leads to an apparently irregular phase-dependence. We work out a perturbation theory to explain the observations. The unusual properties of the spectrum originate from unobvious topological effects. Topology of the first kind is related to the winding of the semiclassical Green's function. It is responsible for the proximity gaps. Topology of the second kind comes about the discreteness of the number of modes and is responsible for the smile gaps.