The binary fraction, separation distribution, and merger rate of white dwarfs from SPY

TL;DR

This study analyzes white dwarf binaries from the SPY survey to estimate their fraction, separation distribution, and merger rate, providing insights into their role as progenitors of Type-Ia supernovae.

Contribution

It offers the first constraints on the binary fraction, separation distribution, and merger rate of white dwarfs using radial velocity data from the SPY survey.

Findings

White dwarf binary fraction is approximately 10%.

The separation distribution follows a power-law with index -1.3.

Galactic white dwarf merger rate is estimated at about 7×10^-13 per year per solar mass.

Abstract

From a sample of spectra of 439 white dwarfs (WDs) from the ESO-VLT Supernova-Ia Progenitor surveY (SPY), we measure the maximal changes in radial-velocity (DRVmax) between epochs (generally two epochs, separated by up to 470d), and model the observed DRVmax statistics via Monte-Carlo simulations, to constrain the population characteristics of double WDs (DWDs). The DWD fraction among WDs is fbin=0.100+/-0.020 (1-sigma, random) +0.02 (systematic), in the separation range ~<4AU within which the data are sensitive to binarity. Assuming the distribution of binary separation, a, is a power-law, dN/da ~ a^alpha, at the end of the last common-envelope phase and the start of solely gravitational-wave-driven binary evolution, the constraint by the data is alpha=-1.3+/-0.2 (1-sigma) +/-0.2 (systematic). If these parameters extend to small separations, the implied Galactic WD merger rate per unit stellar mass is R_merge=(1-80)e-13 /yr/Msun (2-sigma), with a likelihood-weighted mean of R_merge=(7+/-2)e-13 /yr/Msun (1-sigma). The Milky Way's specific Type-Ia supernova (SN Ia) rate is likely R_Ia~1.1e-13 /yr/Msun and therefore, in terms of rates, a possibly small fraction of all merging DWDs (e.g. those with massive-enough primary WDs) could suffice to produce most or all SNe Ia.