A kilo-pixel imaging system for future space based far-infrared observatories using microwave kinetic inductance detectors

TL;DR

This paper presents a 961-pixel MKID-based imaging system demonstrating high sensitivity, low noise, and efficient multiplexing suitable for future space-based far-infrared observatories, with promising performance metrics.

Contribution

The work introduces a large-scale MKID array with integrated readout, achieving high sensitivity and multiplexing, advancing the readiness of MKID technology for space applications.

Findings

Detector NEP of 3x10^-19 W/rt(Hz)

Photon noise limited at 300 mHz

Pixel yield of 83% and crosstalk <-30dB

Abstract

Future astrophysics and cosmic microwave background space missions operating in the far-infrared to millimetre part of the spectrum will require very large arrays of ultra-sensitive detectors in combination with high multiplexing factors and efficient low-noise and low-power readout systems. We have developed a demonstrator system suitable for such applications. The system combines a 961 pixel imaging array based upon Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) with a readout system capable of reading out all pixels simultaneously with only one readout cable pair and a single cryogenic amplifier. We evaluate, in a representative environment, the system performance in terms of sensitivity, dynamic range, optical efficiency, cosmic ray rejection, pixel-pixel crosstalk and overall yield at at an observation centre frequency of 850 GHz and 20% fractional bandwidth. The overall system has an excellent sensitivity, with an average detector sensitivity NEPdet=3x10^-19 W/rt(Hz) measured using a thermal calibration source. At a loading power per pixel of 50fW we demonstrate white, photon noise limited detector noise down to 300 mHz. The dynamic range would allow the detection of 1 Jy bright sources within the field of view without tuning the readout of the detectors. The expected dead time due to cosmic ray interactions, when operated in an L2 or a similar far-Earth orbit, is found to be <4%. Additionally, the achieved pixel yield is 83% and the crosstalk between the pixels is <-30dB. This demonstrates that MKID technology can provide multiplexing ratios on the order of a 1000 with state-of-the-art single pixel performance, and that the technology is now mature enough to be considered for future space based observatories and experiments.