Shaken and Stirred: The Milky Way's Dark Substructures

TL;DR

This paper uses cosmological simulations to predict the distribution and properties of low-mass dark matter subhaloes in the Milky Way, considering baryonic effects and implications for dark matter detection.

Contribution

It provides detailed predictions of subhalo abundance, distribution, and velocities in the Milky Way, including baryonic effects, aiding dark matter detection efforts.

Findings

Baryonic effects reduce subhalo numbers by 25-50%.

Subhaloes exhibit non-Maxwellian velocity distributions.

Predicted subhalo properties inform dark matter detection strategies.

Abstract

The predicted abundance and properties of the low-mass substructures embedded inside larger dark matter haloes differ sharply among alternative dark matter models. Too small to host galaxies themselves, these subhaloes may still be detected via gravitational lensing, or via perturbations of the Milky Way's globular cluster streams and its stellar disk. Here we use the Apostle cosmological simulations to predict the abundance and the spatial and velocity distributions of subhaloes in the range 10^6.5-10^8.5 solar masses inside haloes of mass ~ 10^12 solar masses in LCDM. Although these subhaloes are themselves devoid of baryons, we find that baryonic effects are important. Compared to corresponding dark matter only simulations, the loss of baryons from subhaloes and stronger tidal disruption due to the presence of baryons near the centre of the main halo, reduce the number of subhaloes by ~ 1/4 to 1/2, independently of subhalo mass, but increasingly towards the host halo centre. We also find that subhaloes have non-Maxwellian orbital velocity distributions, with centrally rising velocity anisotropy and positive velocity bias which reduces the number of low-velocity subhaloes, particularly near the halo centre. We parameterise the predicted population of subhaloes in terms of mass, galactocentric distance, and velocities. We discuss implications of our results for the prospects of detecting dark matter substructures and for possible inferences about the nature of dark matter.