Inflows towards active regions and the modulation of the solar cycle: a parameter study

TL;DR

This study uses a surface flux transport model with parametrized inflows to analyze their effects on magnetic flux distribution and solar cycle modulation, revealing inflows can reduce dipole strength and saturate the dynamo.

Contribution

It introduces a parameter study of inflows in a flux transport model, demonstrating their role in modulating the solar cycle and saturating the dynamo within the Babcock-Leighton framework.

Findings

Inflows decrease the axial dipole moment by about 30%.

Stronger inflows lead to larger reductions in dipole strength.

Inflows contribute to the non-linear saturation of the solar dynamo.

Abstract

Aims: We aim to investigate how converging flows towards active regions affect the surface transport of magnetic flux, as well as their impact on the generation of the Sun's poloidal field. The inflows constitute a potential non-linear mechanism for the saturation of the global dynamo and may contribute to the modulation of the solar cycle in the Babcock-Leighton framework. Methods: We build a surface flux transport code incorporating a parametrized model of the inflows and run simulations spanning several cycles. We carry out a parameter study to assess how the strength and extension of the inflows affect the build-up of the global dipole field. We also perform simulations with different levels of activity to investigate the potential role of the inflows in the saturation of the global dynamo. Results: We find that the interaction of neighbouring active regions can lead to the occasional formation of single-polarity magnetic flux clumps inconsistent with observations. We propose the darkening caused by pores in areas of high magnetic field strength as a plausible mechanism preventing this flux-clumping. We find that inflows decrease the amplitude of the axial dipole moment by a $\sim30\,\%$, relative to a no-inflows scenario. Stronger (weaker) inflows lead to larger (smaller) reductions of the axial dipole moment. The relative amplitude of the generated axial dipole is about $9\%$ larger after very weak cycles than after very strong cycles. This supports the inflows as a non-linear mechanism capable of saturating the global dynamo and contributing to the modulation of the solar cycle within the Babcock-Leighton framework.