On DP-coloring of graphs and multigraphs

TL;DR

This paper extends the concept of DP-coloring, originally for graphs, to multigraphs, providing characterizations and bounds related to DP-colorability and critical multigraphs.

Contribution

It introduces DP-colorings for multigraphs and characterizes those that cannot be DP-colored from certain lists, extending existing graph coloring theories.

Findings

Characterization of multigraphs not DP-colorable from DP-degree-lists

Extension of Gallai's Theorem to DP-coloring in multigraphs

Establishment of bounds on edges in DP-critical multigraphs

Abstract

While solving a question on list coloring of planar graphs, Dvo\v{r}\'{a}k and Postle introduced the new notion of DP-coloring (they called it correspondence coloring). A DP-coloring of a graph $G$ reduces the problem of finding a coloring of $G$ from a given list $L$ to the problem of finding a "large" independent set in an auxiliary graph $H(G,L)$ with vertex set $\{(v,c)\,: \, v\in V(G) \text{ and } {c\in L(v)} \}$. It is similar to the old reduction by Plesnevi\v{c} and Vizing of the $k$-coloring problem to the problem of finding an independent set of size $|V(G)|$ in the Cartesian product $G\square K_k$. Some properties of the DP-chromatic number $\chi_{DP}(G)$ resemble the properties of the list chromatic number $\chi_{\ell}(G)$ but some differ quite a lot. It is always the case that $\chi_{DP}(G)\geq \chi_{\ell}(G)$. The goal of this note is to introduce DP-colorings for multigraphs and to prove for them an analog of the result of Borodin and Erd\H{o}s, Rubin, and Taylor characterizing the multigraphs that do not admit DP-colorings from some DP-degree-lists. This characterization yields an analog of Gallai's Theorem on the minimum number of edges in $n$-vertex graphs critical with respect to DP-coloring.