The long-term dynamical evolution of disc-fragmented multiple systems in the Solar Neighborhood

TL;DR

This study investigates the long-term dynamical evolution of systems formed by disc fragmentation, revealing how their properties change over 10 billion years and comparing predictions with observed low-mass objects in the Solar neighborhood.

Contribution

It extends previous work by modeling the evolution of disc-fragmented systems over 10 Gyr, providing insights into their final configurations and observational signatures.

Findings

Most systems lose companions over time, with fewer than half having multiple companions after 10 Gyr.

Many remaining systems have widely separated orbits, with some forming hierarchical triples.

A significant fraction of double systems have retrograde internal orbits.

Abstract

The origin of very low-mass hydrogen-burning stars, brown dwarfs, and planetary-mass objects at the low-mass end of the initial mass function is not yet fully understood. Gravitational fragmentation of circumstellar discs provides a possible mechanism for the formation of such low-mass objects. The kinematic and binary properties of very low-mass objects formed through disc fragmentation at early times (< 10 Myr) were discussed in Li et al. (2015). In this paper we extend the analysis by following the long-term evolution of disc-fragmented systems, up to an age of 10 Gyr, covering the ages of the stellar and substellar population in the Galactic field. We find that the systems continue to decay, although the rates at which companions escape or collide with each other are substantially lower than during the first 10 Myr, and that dynamical evolution is limited beyond 1 Gyr. By t = 10 Gyr, about one third of the host stars is single, and more than half have only one companion left. Most of the other systems have two companions left that orbit their host star in widely separated orbits. A small fraction of companions have formed binaries that orbit the host star in a hierarchical triple configuration. The majority of such double companion systems have internal orbits that are retrograde with respect to their orbits around their host stars. Our simulations allow a comparison between the predicted outcomes of disc-fragmentation with the observed low-mass hydrogen-burning stars, brown dwarfs, and planetary-mass objects in the Solar neighborhood. Imaging and radial velocity surveys for faint binary companions among nearby stars are necessary for verification or rejection for the formation mechanism proposed in this paper.