Dust-depletion sequences in damped Lyman-{\alpha} absorbers: a unified picture from low-metallicity systems to the Galaxy

TL;DR

This study analyzes dust depletion in damped Lyman-alpha absorbers across a range of metallicities, revealing continuous depletion sequences and emphasizing the role of grain growth in dust production, with implications for galaxy evolution.

Contribution

It provides the largest sample of phosphorus abundances in DLAs and establishes tight correlations between dust depletion indicators, highlighting the importance of refractory metals in dust formation across different environments.

Findings

Tight correlations between [Zn/Fe] and dust depletion.

Continuous depletion sequences from dust-free to dusty systems.

Good agreement with Galactic stellar abundance patterns.

Abstract

We study metal depletion due to dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) to infer the properties of dust grains and characterize the metal and dust content of galaxies, down to low metallicity and intermediate redshift z. We provide metal column densities and abundances of a sample of 70 damped Lyman-{\alpha} absorbers (DLAs) towards quasars, observed at high spectral resolution with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES). This is the largest sample of phosphorus abundances measured in DLAs so far. We use literature measurements for Galactic clouds to cover the high-metallicity end. We discover tight (scatter <= 0.2 dex) correlations between [Zn/Fe] and the observed relative abundances from dust depletion. This implies that grain growth in the ISM is an important process of dust production. These sequences are continuous in [Zn/Fe] from dust-free to dusty DLAs, and to Galactic clouds, suggesting that the availability of refractory metals in the ISM is crucial for dust production, regardless of the star formation history. We observe [S/Zn] up to ~ 0.25 dex in DLAs, which is broadly consistent with Galactic stellar abundances. Furthermore, we find a good agreement between the nucleosynthetic pattern of Galactic halo stars and our observations of the least dusty DLAs. This supports recent star formation in low-metallicity DLAs. The derived depletions of Zn, O, P, S, Si, Mg, Mn, Cr, and Fe correlate with [Zn/Fe], with steeper slopes for more refractory elements. P is mostly not affected by dust depletion. We present canonical depletion patterns, to be used as reference in future studies of relative abundances and depletion. We derive the total (dust-corrected) metallicity, typically -2 <= [M/H]tot <= 0 for DLAs, and scattered around solar metallicity for the Galactic ISM. The dust-to-metal ratio increases with metallicity... [abridged]