A Hard Ionizing Spectrum in z=3-4 Ly-alpha Emitters with Intense [OIII] Emission: Analogs of Galaxies in the Reionization Era?

TL;DR

This study investigates the ionizing spectra of z=3-4 Ly-alpha emitters with strong [OIII] emission, suggesting they are analogs of early galaxies that contributed to cosmic reionization, by analyzing nebular emission lines and ionization parameters.

Contribution

It provides evidence that LAEs at z=3-4 have harder ionizing spectra and higher ionizing photon output than similar galaxies, highlighting their potential role in reionization.

Findings

LAEs exhibit higher [OIII]/[OII] ratios than LBGs at similar redshifts.

LAEs have a 0.2-0.5 dex higher xi_ion than typical LBGs.

Hard ionizing spectra and nebular density effects may explain intense emission lines.

Abstract

We present Keck/MOSFIRE spectra of the diagnostic nebular emission lines [OIII]5007,4959, [OII]3727, and H-beta for a sample of 15 redshift z=3.1-3.7 Ly-alpha emitters (LAEs) and Lyman break galaxies (LBGs). In conjunction with spectra from other surveys, we confirm earlier indications that LAEs have a much higher [OIII]/[OII] line ratio than is seen in similar redshift LBGs. By comparing their distributions on a [OIII]/[OII] versus R23 diagram, we demonstrate that this difference cannot arise solely because of their lower metallicities but most likely is due to a harder ionizing spectrum. Using measures of H-beta and recombination theory, we demonstrate, for a subset of our LAEs, that xi_ion - the number of Lyman continuum photons per UV luminosity - is indeed 0.2-0.5 dex larger than for typical LBGs at similar redshifts. Using photoionization models we estimate the effect this would have on both [OIII]/[OII] and R23 and conclude such a hard spectrum can only partially explain such intense line emission. The additional possibility is that such a large [OIII]/[OII] ratio is in part due to density rather than ionization bound nebular regions, which would imply a high escape fraction of ionizing photons. We discuss how further observations could confirm this possibility. Clearly LAEs with intense [OIII] emission represent a promising analog of those z>7 sources with similarly strong lines which are thought to be an important contributor to cosmic reionization.