Circular polarization opportunities at the SASE3 undulator line of the European XFEL

TL;DR

This paper explores methods to generate and enhance circular polarization at the European XFEL's SASE3 line, using simulations and techniques like inverse tapering to improve polarization purity for experimental applications.

Contribution

It reviews polarization control methods at XFELs, proposes improvements to inverse tapering, and demonstrates high circular polarization potential through simulations.

Findings

High degree of circular polarization achievable with inverse tapering

Effective separation of circular and linear polarization demonstrated

Proposed methods enhance polarization control at XFELs

Abstract

XFELs provide X-ray pulses with unprecedented peak brightness and ultrashort duration. They are usually driven by planar undulators, meaning that the output radiation is linearly polarized. For many experimental applications, however, polarization control is critical: besides the ability to produce linearly polarized radiation, one often needs the possibility of generating circularly polarized radiation with a high, stable degree of polarization. This may be achieved by using a first part of the XFEL undulator to produce bunching and then, by propagating the the bunched beam through an "afterburner" - a short undulator with tunable polarization, where only limited gain takes place. One of the issues that one needs to consider in this case is the separation of the circularly polarized radiation obtained in the radiator from the linearly polarized background produced in the first part of the FEL. In this article we review several methods to do so, including the inverse tapering technique. In particular, we use the Genesis FEL code to simulate a case study pertaining to the SASE3 FEL line at the European XFEL with up-to-date parameters and we confirm that a high degree of circular polarization is expected. Moreover, we propose to further improve the effectiveness of the inverse tapering technique either via angular separation of the linearly polarized radiation or strongly defocusing it at the sample position. In this way we exploit the unique flexibility of the European XFEL from both the electron beam and the photon beam optics side.