Instability in nonlinear Schr\"odinger breathers

TL;DR

This paper proves local well-posedness for the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation with nonzero background and demonstrates the inherent instability of Peregrine and Kuznetsov-Ma breathers, linking linear modulational instability to nonlinear dynamics.

Contribution

It establishes local well-posedness in Sobolev spaces for perturbations of the background wave and rigorously proves the instability of key breather solutions.

Findings

Linear dynamics exhibit modulational instability.

The NLS equation is well-posed in H^s for s > 1/2.

Peregrine and Kuznetsov-Ma breathers are proven unstable.

Abstract

We consider the \emph{focusing} nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation posed on the one dimensional line, with nonzero background condition at spatial infinity, given by a homogeneous plane wave. For this problem of physical interest, we study the initial value problem for perturbations of the background wave in Sobolev spaces. It is well-known that the associated linear dynamics for this problem describes a phenomenon known in the literature as \emph{modulational instability}, also recently related to the emergence of \emph{rogue waves} in ocean dynamics. In qualitative terms, small perturbations of the background state increase its size exponentially in time. In this paper we show that, even if there is no time decay for the linear dynamics due to the modulationally unstable regime, the equation is still locally well-posed in $H^s$, $s>\frac12$. We apply this result to give a rigorous proof of the unstable character of two well-known NLS solutions: the Peregrine and Kuznetsov-Ma breathers.