An upper limit on the lateral vacancy diffusion length in diamond

TL;DR

This study investigates the extent of vacancy diffusion in diamond after ion implantation, revealing that scattering effects, not diffusion, cause vacancies to appear far from mask edges, which is crucial for nano-device fabrication.

Contribution

The paper demonstrates that vacancy distribution beyond mask edges is primarily due to ion scattering rather than diffusion, providing a new understanding for precise diamond modification.

Findings

Scattering causes vacancy-like damage tens of micrometers from mask edges.

Diffusion of vacancies is limited to approximately 260 nm.

Scattering distances are much larger than diffusion estimates.

Abstract

Ion implantation is widely used to modify the structural, electrical and optical properties of materials. By appropriate masking, this technique can be used to define nano- and micro-structures. However, depending on the type of mask used, experiments have shown that vacancy-related substrate modification can be inferred tens of microns away from the edge of the mask used to define the implanted region. This could be due to fast diffusion of vacancies from the implanted area during annealing or to a geometric effect related to ion scattering around the mask edges. For quantum and single-atom devices, stray ion damage can be deleterious and must be minimized. In order to profile the distribution of implantation-induced damage, we have used the nitrogen-vacancy colour centre as a sensitive marker for vacancy concentration and distribution following MeV He ion implantation into diamond and annealing. Results show that helium atoms implanted through a mask clamped to the diamond surface are scattered underneath the mask to distances in the range of tens of micrometers from the mask edge. Implantation through a lithographically defined and deposited mask, with no spacing between the mask and the substrate, significantly reduces the scattering to <5 m but does not eliminate it. These scattering distances are much larger than the theoretically estimated vacancy diffusion distance of 260 nm under similar conditions. This paper shows that diffusion, upon annealing, of vacancies created by ion implantation in diamond is limited and the appearance of vacancies many tens of micrometers from the edge of the mask is due to scattering effects.