Spectral analysis of four 'hypervariable' AGN: a microneedle in the haystack?

TL;DR

This study investigates four extreme AGN transients to determine if their variability is caused by rare microlensing events, providing insights into the size of emission regions and the nature of intervening objects.

Contribution

It presents the first spectral analysis of four hypervariable AGN, modeling their variability with microlensing and constraining emission region sizes and lensing parameters.

Findings

Two AGN are well-explained by simple microlensing models.

Estimated Einstein timescales are 7.5 and 10.8 years.

Emission region sizes are constrained to a few light-days.

Abstract

We analyze four extreme active galactic nuclei (AGN) transients to explore the possibility that they are caused by rare, high-amplitude microlensing events. These previously unknown type-I AGN are located in the redshift range 0.6-1.1 and show changes of > 1.5 mag in the g-band on a time-scale of ~years. Multi-epoch optical spectroscopy, from the William Herschel Telescope, shows clear differential variability in the broad line fluxes with respect to the continuum changes and also evolution in the line profiles. In two cases, a simple point-source, point-lens microlensing model provides an excellent match to the long-term variability seen in these objects. For both models, the parameter constraints are consistent with the microlensing being due to an intervening stellar mass object but as yet there is no confirmation of the presence of an intervening galaxy. The models predict a peak amplification of 10.3/13.5 and an Einstein time-scale of 7.5/10.8 yr, respectively. In one case, the data also allow constraints on the size of the CIII] emitting region, with some simplifying assumptions, to to be ~1.0-6.5 light-days and a lower limit on the size of the MgII emitting region to be > 9 light-days (half-light radii). This CIII] radius is perhaps surprisingly small. In the remaining two objects, there is spectroscopic evidence for an intervening absorber but the extra structure seen in the light curves requires a more complex lensing scenario to adequately explain.